Does money buy votes in congress outline the relationship between Research Paper

Does cash purchase casts a ballot in congress diagram the connection between crusade commitments and casting a ballot in congress - Research Paper Example Unique intrigue commitments can stream to lawmakers who inherently esteem a similar strategy results, however the commitments may have unimportant political conduct once a government official is chosen in office. One foundation of the contention introduced in the different investigations is the thought that crusade commitments are basically worried about influencing political decision results and that gifts are generally not intended to purchase votes. Be that as it may, gifts are utilized by different gatherings in attempting to impact ideological positions nearer to congress with respect to the perfect discernment for the intrigue gathering (Bronars and Lott, 1995). As indicated by Wawro (2001), endeavors to change crusade money laws result from the conviction that battle commitments have vindictive impact on government official conduct with an ongoing overview demonstrating that 53% of individual accepted battle commitments impact strategies of chose authorities. ... Accordingly, PAC (Political Action Committees) add to individuals from the congress in a manner likely for the legislators to cast a ballot the manner in which PACs favor even without commitments. PAC gift to amicable individuals might be understood as cause for the individuals to cast a ballot with a specific goal in mind when in actuality the part would have casted a ballot a similar path without the gift. The broad exploration on the issues has not delivered reliable outcomes that demonstrate that battle commitments impact congress members’ casting a ballot conduct (Wawro, 2001). Regardless of the basic information that crusade commitments of intrigue bunches have far less impact that generally thought; efficient assessment of writing uncovers different investigations that set up association between fiscal gifts and votes. Discoveries from different examinations show a few critical capabilities to the normal information that money related gifts do in actuality influence how chosen agents vote. The discoveries are anyway dependent upon varieties in model particular in light of the fact that there is less critical connection in certain exploration model details such outcomes are by the by regular in better models. Plainly, money related gifts are connected with casting a ballot that favor the donor’s premiums; all things considered, any endeavor to close self-governing influence on administrators needs to completely represent the complexities of the connections in question. That vital is the inclination for PACs to offer cash to offshoots who are arranged to support their situation; for example, liberal gatherings back their own partners who originate from liberal electorates bringing about them casting a ballot liberally while the inverse applies to preservationists (Roscoe and Jenkins, 2005; US Congress decides on exchange, 2011). The example propose that it is the

Running Head HOUSING; RECREATIONAL AREAS AND BATH Essays

Running Head: HOUSING; RECREATIONAL AREAS AND BATHING FACILITIES; Fiasco SANITATION TUI UNIVERSITY Timothy N. Tarrant Module 4: BHE 314 Ecological Health and Safety Dr. Rania Sabty-Daily 20 August 2008 Dynamic The main reason for this paper is to explore issues at a nearby high rise. There is toxic paint stripping from the dividers and shape developing on the dividers. This paper will sum up the wellbeing risks related with lead and shape, and depict what might be done to control these two general wellbeing dangers. The second reason for this is to decide how to secure the strength of nearby swimmers at a recreational pool. I will talk about two strategies that have been utilized to treat swimming pool water, ozonation and chlorination. At that point I will distinguish the technique that would give the best insurance to swimmers and the general's wellbeing. Lodging AND HABITABILITY As indicated by the Office of Lead-Based Paint Abatement and Poisoning Anticipation, Youth lead harming is the most widely recognized ecological sickness of small kids. (EPA, 1996) Lead salts were added to paints as shading specialists and stabilizers during the Industrial Revolution. This toxic paint was utilized to paint both outside and inside surfaces of lofts, homes and structures worked before 1978. Hence, the national government has since restricted toxic paint from lodging in 1978. (HUD, 2007) Lead harming is brought about by ingestion of lead from paint, soil, family dust, and even by drinking defiled water. Lead paint that has disintegrated will blend in with soil, is followed into homes and becomes blended in with family dust. Youngsters are frequently harmed through the ingestion of paint chips or playing in sullied soil. Toxic paint can reemerge and represent a peril when paint surfaces split, scale, strip and chip or become free. Lead harming can cause mind, kidney, and apprehensive framework harm. The consequences for the focal sensory system are for the most part irreversible and incorporate mental impediment, conduct issues, and language shortages. Manifestations of lead harming are fluctuated and reliant on the age of the uncovered individual and length of presentation yet incorporate iron deficiency, stomach torment, touchiness, slurred discourse, laziness, seizures, extreme lethargies, what's more, even passing. There are some straightforward things that you can do to secure your family from presentation to lead. The most significant is fundamental cleanliness and tidiness. Wipe off earth from shoes before strolling into a house, mop messy or dusty regions in the house and keep kid play zones clean. Youngsters ought to likewise shield from putting fingers or toys in their mouths. Hand cleanliness is likewise significant. Youngsters should wash their hands prior to eating or hitting the sack. This will restrain unintentional presentation through ingestion. Whenever painted surfaces inside the house are breaking down, at that point fixing such territories will briefly lessen the risks. To for all time evacuate the painted lead perils, somebody that is affirmed in lead decrease ought to be employed. Affirmed laborers have particular preparing to appropriately and securely evacuate the paint and tidy up remaining residue. (HUD, 2007) Another family risk present in numerous American homes is form. Worries as of late have been raised as a result of the causal connection among shape and hypersensitivities, asthma, and introduction to form delivering poisons. As per a 1999 May Clinic Study, about all interminable sinus contaminations tormenting 37 million Americans are a consequence of molds. (Mann, 2002) Mold can develop on dividers, roofs, floor coverings, furniture what's more, other family surfaces. Shape spores can cause genuine wellbeing issues yet form doesn't influence everybody in a similar way. Typhoon Katrina made an immense shape issue inside the United States. One of the most noticeably terrible impacts of water harm comes as shape. Following a tropical storm or extreme floods, shape may create, causing genuine wellbeing issues. The state and the U.S. Branch of Homeland Security's Federal Crisis Management Agency (FEMA) are attempting to illuminate general society as to the wellbeing risks related with shape, what should be possible to limit form, what's more, what ways can be powerful in tidying up form. (FEMA, 2005) Mold is typically found in zones that have a generally high stickiness and can regularly be discovered just by the moist smelly smell that is delivered. Controlling family unit dampness is fundamental to control shape. Moreover, direct daylight forestalls the development of form. Appropriate ventilation and the utilization of a dehumidifier will forestall and dispose of shape. The most ideal approach to expel form development from hard surfaces is to utilize business items, cleanser and water, or a detergent arrangement. POOLS Securing individuals at recreational pools is not kidding business. As per the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, between

102 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

102 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The title of this entry has a dual meaning of sorts.   Yes, its been hot in NYC lately.   Temperatures have been reported as high as 102 or 103 (approximately 39 Celsius for most of the world).   NYC heat is interesting.   The city is mostly concrete, brick, pavement, and asphalt and all day long the sun shines down and these materials absorb the heat.   Then all night long they radiate the heat absorbed.   So it never really cools down. I was also running some reports over the past few days, one of which focused on the country of citizenship of SIPA students for the last academic year.   Yes indeed, 102 countries were represented in our student body last year.   This also includes a number of Permanent Residents who did not have country listed on the report so the true number might be a bit higher. This is one of the distinct advantages of attending SIPA.   No matter what you are studying, most likely there is someone in our student body who can chime in with a personal opinion because they are from there.   Enjoy the list. AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA ANGOLA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BANGLADESH BELGIUM BHUTAN BOSNIA BRAZIL BULGARIA BURKINA FASO BURMA CAMBODIA CAMEROON CANADA CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA COMOROS CROATIA CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK DJIBOUTI ECUADOR EGYPT ETHIOPIA FRANCE GAMBIA GEORGIA GERMANY GHANA GREECE GUATEMALA GUINEA GUYANA HAITI HONDURAS HONG KONG INDIA INDONESIA IRAN IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPAN JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA LESOTHO LIBERIA MALAYSIA MAURITANIA MEXICO MOROCCO NEPAL NETHERLANDS NEWZEALAND NIGERIA NORWAY PAKISTAN PARAGUAY PERMANENT RESIDENT PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL QATAR ROMANIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION RWANDA SCOTLAND SENEGAL SERBIA SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SLOVAK REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH KOREA SPAIN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND TAIWAN TAJIKISTAN TANZANIA THAILAND TRINIDAD TOBAGO TUNISIA TURKEY TURKMENISTAN UGANDA UKRAINE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM URUGUAY USA UZBEKISTAN VENEZUELA ZAIRE

Why Cheating Is Different in College

No matter what you did in high school when it comes to cheating, you should know that cheating in college is quite different. Its a really big deal, and college administrations take cheating very seriously. Its not out of the question of for whole classes to be suspended or even expelled for collaborating or outright cheating.  Harvards cheating scandal in 2012 resulted in about 70 students suspended after cheating in a course on politics, with about 25 more receiving disciplinary probation. High School Cheating In high school, theres a tendency to treat cheating less seriously, perhaps because high school students are minors. In high school, we can survive if our teachers lose confidence in us, or even if they dont like us. College is a different story.  In college, youre an adult. If caught cheating, youll pay adult consequences. Tuition and the Honor Code Your high school education may have been funded by taxes, but your college education is probably funded by you and your parents. Whenever you cheat, you are wasting time. If you cheat in college you are also wasting money. And not just a little bit of money. When you fail a class (and if you get caught cheating, youll probably receive a failing grade), you are losing the money you paid for tuition. This is likely many thousands of dollars! Thats why you will be introduced to the honor code at your college as a freshman. It will outline the rules for your particular institution. Colleges have honor courts, where students must go in front of a jury of peers to face charges of cheating or plagiarism, which isnt a pleasant experience for the first year of college. Compromised Relationships When youre caught cheating, even once, you lose all credibility with professors. This is a big loss in college. Youre going to get to know your major professors pretty well, and youre going to need them for things like recommendations for internships, scholarships, awards, jobs, and special programs. To a great extent, your success will depend on their opinion of you. You cant afford to mess that up. Dont risk this important relationship and lose all respect. Professors are good at catching cheaters. They are smart, they put a lot of time and energy into creating assignments and tests, and they have more time and more resources for catching cheaters than high school teachers. They also have tenure and a little bit more flexibility than when it comes to checking out their suspicions and following through with allegations. Competition, Training, and Consequences College is competitive. Your college or university experience is training for the professional world, where faking it to get by simply wont cut it. Fellow students will take cheating more seriously in college because they realize whats at stake. Theyre more likely to turn you in. Cheating is for losers, and in the real world, you cant cut corners. How would you feel if your parents were accused of breaking rules or skirting regulations on the job? What if they were fired for putting a colleagues health at risk by cutting safety corners? Theyd feel the same way if you were caught cheating in college. You dont want to disappoint your parents, waste money and time, or embarrass yourself in front of teachers and fellow students. Resources and Further Reading Epstein, David. â€Å"Cheating Scandal at Virginia.† Inside Higher Ed, 30 June 2005.Pà ©rez-Peà ±a, Richard. â€Å"Students Accused of Cheating Return Awkwardly to a Changed Harvard.† New York Times, 16 Sept. 2016.

Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules

Some rules are not made to be broken—especially in the chemistry lab. The following rules exist for your safety and should always be followed. Always Follow the Instructions ​Your instructor and lab manuals are your best resources when setting up. Always listen and read carefully. Dont start a lab until you know all of the steps, from start to finish. If you have questions about any part of a procedure, get the answer before starting. Do Not Pipette by Mouth - Ever​ You say, But its only water. Even if it is, how clean do you think that glassware really is? Using disposable pipettes? Lots of people only rinse them and put them back! Learn to use the pipette bulb or automated pipetter. Dont pipette by mouth at home, either. Gasoline and kerosene should be obvious, but people get hospitalized or die every year. You might be tempted to use your mouth to start the suction on a waterbed to drain it. Do you know what they put in some waterbed additives? Carbon-14. Mmmm...radiation. The lesson is that even seemingly harmless substances may be dangerous! Read the Chemical Safety Information ​​A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be available for every chemical you use in the  lab. Read  and follow the recommendations for safe use and disposal of every material. Dress Appropriately (For Chemistry Lab, Not Fashion or the Weather)​ No sandals, no clothes you love more than life, no contact lenses, and, to keep your legs safe, long pants are preferable to shorts or short skirts. Tie long hair back. Wear safety goggles and a lab coat. Even if you arent clumsy, someone else in the lab probably is. If you take even a few chemistry courses you will probably see people set themselves on fire, spill acid on themselves, others, or notes, splash themselves in the eye, etc. Dont be the bad example to others. Identify the Safety Equipment Learn your  safety equipment  and how to use it! Given that some people (possibly you) will need them, know the locations of the fire blanket, extinguishers, eyewash, and shower. Ask for equipment demonstrations! If the eyewash hasnt been used in a while, the discoloration of the water is usually sufficient to inspire the  use of safety glasses. Dont Taste or Sniff Chemicals For many chemicals, if you can smell them, you are exposing yourself to a dose that can harm you! If the safety information says that a chemical should only be used inside a fume hood, then dont use it anywhere else. This isnt cooking class--dont taste your experiments! Dont Casually Dispose of Chemicals Some chemicals can be washed down the drain, while others require a different method of disposal. If a chemical can go in the sink, be sure to wash it away rather than risk an unexpected reaction between chemical leftovers later. Dont Eat or Drink in Lab Its tempting, but oh so dangerous. Just dont do it! Dont Play Mad Scientist Dont haphazardly mix chemicals! Pay attention to the order in which chemicals are to be added to each other and do not deviate from the instructions. Even chemicals that mix to produce seemingly safe products should be handled carefully. For example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide will give you salt water, but the reaction could break your glassware or splash the reactants onto you if you arent careful! Take Data During Lab ​​​Always record information during a lab and not after lab--on the assumption that it will be neater. Put data directly in your lab book rather than transcribing from another source (i.e.:  notebook or ​lab partner). There are lots of reasons for this, but the practical one is that it is much harder for the data to get lost in your lab book. For some experiments, it may be helpful to take data before  lab. Were not telling you to dry-lab or cheat, but being able to project likely data will help you catch bad lab procedure before you are three hours or so into a project. Know what to expect. You should always read the experiment in advance.

Reliabilty and Validity Free Essays

Test Reliability and Validity: Evaluation of the GRADE A+ Standardized Reading Assessment Assessment is the key to instruction and intervention, but according to Salvia, Ysseldyke and Bolt (2007), â€Å"reliability is a major consideration in evaluating an assessment procedure† (p. 119). Reliability refers to the stability of a tests’ results over time and test reliability refers to the consistency of scores students would receive on alternate forms of the same test, for example Test form A and Test form B. We will write a custom essay sample on Reliabilty and Validity or any similar topic only for you Order Now If a test is reliable then one would expect a student to achieve the same score regardless of when the student completes the assessment, but if it’s not reliable then a students’ score may vary based on factors that are not related to the purpose of the assessment. An assessment is considered reliable when the same results occur regardless of when the assessment occurs or who does the scoring, but a good assessment is not only reliable but minimizes as many factors as possible that could lead to the misinterpretation of the tests’ results. It is important to be concerned with a tests’ reliability for two reasons: First, reliability provides a measure of the extent to which a students’ score reflects random measurement error. If there is relatively little error, the ratio of true-score variance to obtained score variance approaches a reliability index of 1. 00 (perfect reliability); if there is a relatively large amount of error, the ratio of true-score variance to obtained score variances approaches. 0 (total unreliability) (Salvia et al. , 2007, p. 121) Therefore, it is warranted to use tests with good measures of reliability to ensure that the test scores reflect more than just random error. Second, reliability is a precursor to validity, which I will go more into detail about later. Validity refers to the degree to which evidence supports the fact that the test interpretations are correct and that the manner in which these interpretations are used is appropriate and meaningful. However, a formal assessment of the validity of a specific use of a test can be a very lengthy process and that is why test reliability is often viewed as the first step in the test validation process. If a test is deemed unreliable, then one need not spend time examining whether it is valid because it will not be, but if the test deems adequately reliable, then a validation study would be worthwhile. The Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) is a normative diagnostic reading assessment that determines developmentally what skills students have mastered and where they need instruction. Chapter Four of the GRADE Technical Manual focuses on three sections: reliability, validation and validity; but I will only be evaluating the first and last sections which are reliability and validity. The first section presents reliability data for the standardization sample by test at 11 levels (P, K, 1-6, M, H and A) and 14 grade enrollment groups (Preschool- 12th) to describe the consistency and stability of GRADE scores (Williams, 2001, p. 77). In this section, Williams addresses Internal Reliability- which addresses consistency of the items in a test, Alternate Form Reliability- which are derived from the administration of two different but parallel test forms, Test-Retest Reliabilities- which tells how much a students score will change if a period of time has lapsed between test and Standard Error of Measurement- which represents a band of error around the true score. The GRADE Technical Manual reported 132 reliabilities in table 4. that presents the alpha and split half total test reliabilities for the Fall and Spring. Of these, 99 were in the range of . 95 to . 99; which indicates a high degree of homogeneity among the items for each form, level and grade enrollment group (Williams, 2001, p. 78). In the GRADE alternate form reliability study, Table 4. 14, 696 students were tested. The forms were given at different times and ranged anywhere from eight to thirty two days. The coefficients in the table ranged from . 81 to . 94 with half being higher than . 9 indicating that Forms A and B are quite parallel (Williams, 2001, p. 85). In the GRADE test- retest reliability study, Table 4. 15, 816 students were tested. All students were tested twice, the test took place during the Fall and ranged anywhere from three and a half to forty two days. Form A of the various GRADE levels appeared similar in stability over time to performance on Form B. However since most of the sampling was done with Form A, further investigation of the stability of scores with Form B may be warranted (Williams, 2001, p. 7). The standard errors of measurement listed in Table 4. 16 of the GRADE was computed from Table 4. 1, but due to the variances in total test reliability, the SEMs ranged from low to high and due to the fact the measure of error is observable, there will always be some doubt about one’s true score. Overall it will be acceptable to assume that the reliability aspect of all levels of the GRADE Technical Manu al provides a significant amount of established evidence between test forms A and B. As noted earlier, validity refers to the degree to which evidence supports the fact that the test interpretations are correct and that the manner in which these interpretations are used is appropriate and meaningful. For a test to be fair, its contents and performance expectations should reflect knowledge and experiences that are common to all students. Therefore, according to Salvia et al. (2007), â€Å"validity is the most fundamental consideration in developing and evaluating test† (p. 143). A valid assessment should reflect actual knowledge or performance, not just test taking skills or memorized equations and facts, it should not require knowledge or skills that are irrelevant to what is actually being assessed and more so, it should be as free as possible of cultural, ethnic and gender bias. The validity of an assessment is the extent to which the assessment measures what it intended or was designed to measure. The extent of a test’s validity determines (1) what inferences or decisions can be made based on test results and (2) the assurance one can have in those decisions (Williams, 2001, p. 2). Validation is the process of accumulating evidence that supports the appropriateness of student responses for the specified assessment and because tests are used for various purposes, there is no single type of evidentiary validity that is apt for all purposes. Test validation can take many forms, both qualitative and quantitative, and in an assessment case such as the GRADE, can be a continuing process (Williams, 2001, p. 92). As stated previously, I will be evaluating two sections from Chapter Four. Section one is complete so it brings me to the last section, which deals with validity. In this section, Williams addresses Content Validity- which addresses the question of whether the test items adequately represent the area that the test is supposed to measure, Criterion- Related Validity- which addresses the relationship between the scores on the test being validated and some form of criterion such as rating scale, classification, or other test score and Construct Validity- which addresses the question of whether the test actually measures the construct, or trait, it purports to measure. The content validity section of the GRADE Technical Manual addressed 16 subtests in various skill areas of pre-reading and reading and documents that adequate content validity was built into the reading test as it was developed. Therefore, if the appropriate decisions can be made, then the results are deemed valid and the test measures what it is suppose to measure. For the GRADE criterion-related studies, scores from other reading tests were used as the criteria and included both concurrent and predictive validity. For the concurrent validity study, the section compares the GRADE Total Test scores to three group administered test and an individual administered test. They were administered in concurrence with the Fall or Spring administering of the GRADE, with data being collected by numerous teachers throughout the U. S. and all correlations being corrected using Guilford’s formula. The three group administered test given in concurrence with the GRADE Total Test suggested they all measured what they were suppose to but the individual administered test showed evidence of discriminative and divergent validity. For the predictive validity study, the section compared how well the GRADE Total Test from the Fall predicted performance on the reading subtest of a group administered achievement test given in the Spring. Three groups totaling 260 students were given the GRADE in the Fall and the TerraNova in the Spring of the same school year, but the final samples were a little small because some of the students that tested in the Fall had moved so the scores were correlated and corrected for both assessments using Guilford’s formula. Instead of 260 there were now 232 and Table 4. 2 list the corrected correlations between the GRADE and TerraNova which indicates that the GRADE scores in the Fall are predictive of the TerraNova reading scores in the Spring. The construct validity of the GRADE focuses on two aspects which are convergent validity shown by higher correlations and divergent validity shown by lower correlations. In the GRADE/PIAT-R study, shown in Table 4. 21, convergent validity is demonstrated by the high correlation coefficients of the GRADE and PIAT-R reading scores and divergent validity is demonstrated by the lower correlation between the GRADE and PIAT-R general information subtest (Williams, 2001, p. 7). Performances on reading tasks is represented by the first set of correlations and for the second set of correlations the GRADE represents performance on reading and the PIAT-R represents world knowledge. Convergent/divergent information was also provided for the GRADE/ITBS study shown in Table 4. 23. Evidence of higher correlations for the GRADE convergent validity was provided with the ITBS reading subtest, but evidence of extensively lower correlations for the GRADE divergent validity was provided with the ITBS math subtest, which would be expected for divergent validity because reading was minimal. Overall the validity data provided a considerable amount of evidence to show that in fact the GRADE Technical Manual measures what it purports and apt conclusions from test can be correctly made. So according to my judgment in evaluating the GRADE Technical Manual in the areas of reliability (internal, alternate form, test-retest and SEM) and validity (content, criterion-related and construct), the content provided by the authors in the manual and cross referenced with the content provided in the text book denotes the manual is consistent, has acceptable correlation coefficients and measures what it is suppose to measure. References Salvia, J. , Ysseldyke, J. E. , Bolt, S. (2007). Assessment In Special and Inclusive Education (10th ed. ). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Williams, K. T. (2001). Technical Manual: Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation. Circle Pine: American Guidance Service, Inc. How to cite Reliabilty and Validity, Papers

Tunstall Tele-Health Solution Health Care Services

Question: Discuss about the Report for Tunstall Tele-Health Solution of Health Care Services. Answer: Introduction Tele-health is the set of processes and mediums to enable patients to receive health care services from a remote location rather than the traditional methods of timely visits to the health care unit. Tunstall tele-health also provides the health related services to the patients on a remote basis ("ICP telehealth solution", 2016). The solution that has been designed for Tunstall tele-health records the vital health signs of the patients for monitoring and remote health check-ups. Positioning Problem Statement The problem of Simple interaction and communication between the senior citizens of regional, rural and remote areas of central NSW and the health care professional or representative Coming up with an alternate solution to the mandatory visits for health check-ups and monitoring Keeping a track of the vital health signs affects Patients belonging to the older age group Health care fraternity the impact of which is Difficulties and issues that come up for the patients in availing the health care services a successful solution will be beneficial for the health care professionals and patients Product Position Statement For Patients especially belonging to older age group Who can avail health care services through the medium cloud based mobile application The Tele-health solution is a health care mobile based solution That will provide remote health services and solutions Unlike traditional practices in health care Our Product will allow quicker, reliable and always available health services Stakeholder Descriptions Name Description Responsibilities A Project Manager To provide project plan and review the activities along with resource allocation B Development Head To develop the cloud based health solution C Network Engineer To set up a network to implement the solution for users D Group of users - Patients To use the health solution by the patients User Environment The product will be developed in the development environment and will be released in the production environment. The entire task will be completed in duration of 3 months which will include the stages of Planning, Design Development, Implementation and Release. The project budget and the training manuals to be made available for the users might emerge as the constraints during the project. The application must be integrated with the network at the user end and the database for data storage. Product Overview Product Perspective The scope of the product is based on the development of the cloud based mobile health solution for patients with attractive capabilities and benefits of the tele-health for Tunstall (courses.missouristate.edu, 2016). Assumptions and Dependencies The project will be completed in the defined schedule and in the estimated budget. The equipment for developing the solution will be available with the team. Needs and Features The apt solution to solve the problem as stated above is to develop a cloud based mobile application that will allow the tablet computer interaction and will also overcome the need to visit the health care unit on a time to time basis. Following are the capabilities that will be offered by the solution. Need Priority Feature Planned Release Ability to keep a track of the vital health signs High The solution will welcome the member of the health plan and will ask him/her to login to the application by entering a unique id and password combination. The home page will display various basic health checks and will ask the user to enter the health related information such as weight, pulse rate, blood pressure, and height that will get recorded in the system (Dixon, Hooks, McGowan, 2016). Release 1 Ability to alert the health care professional in case of emergency or abnormality Critical Every health sign or record has a set limit or a range in the language of medical world. If the particular sign does not fall in between the range or crosses the limit, then the solution will send an alert to the health care professional with the details of the patient. Release 1 Ability to have face-to-face conversation with the health care professional Medium The feature of video conferencing will allow the patients to have a conversation with the designated medical expert to receive the medical advice. Release 1 Ability to view the medical feedback High As soon as the patient will save the basic health signs, a report will be generated for him/her to view then and there. A detailed report provided by the health care expert will also be made available on the portal containing the reviews and comments. Release 1 Ability to keep the medical data safe and secure Critical The solution will be backed by secure data storage to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and privacy of the personal health information of the patients (Webroot, 2016). Release 1 Alternatives and Competition There are a number of health care solutions for tele-health services and remote monitoring that are available in the market at present. It is necessary for the Tunstall tele-health solution to fulfill the following: It will enable the patients to receive superior quality health care services at their respective home locations without any trouble to visit the medical centres (Hjelm, 2016). The solution will also enable the medical centres and health care units to avoid the space requirements as these services can be provided by the health care professionals from any of the location. These services can be availed by the customer at any hour of the day with a non-stop availability. This would increase the level of trust that the patients have in the medical services and will also keep a check on the day by day health condition of the patient (Nursingtimes.net, 2016). Other Product Requirements There are additional requirements in terms of the documentation that must be fulfilled by the project which are as listed below: Training Manual User Manual Installation Steps Online help for the common features References ICP telehealth solution. (2016). Tunstallhealthcare.com.au. Retrieved 2 August 2016, from https://www.tunstallhealthcare.com.au/what-we-do/telehealth courses.missouristate.edu,. (2016). Vision and scope document outline. Retrieved 2 August 2016, from https://courses.missouristate.edu/KenVollmar/S09-CSC450/ASPM-VSOutline.pdf Dixon, B., Hooks, J., McGowan, J. (2016). Using Telehealth to Improve Quality and Safety. Retrieved 2 August 2016, from https://healthit.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/docs/page/Telehealth_Issue_Paper_Final_0.pdf Hjelm, N. (2016). Benefits and drawbacks of telemedicine. Retrieved 2 August 2016, from https://telemedicina6.unifesp.br/set/curso/2006-06-19-pgsaude/Fundamental_BenefitsandDrawbacksofTelemedicine.pdf Nursingtimes.net,. (2016). Nursingtimes.net. Retrieved 2 August 2016, from https://www.nursingtimes.net/download?ac=1276988 Webroot,. (2016). Cloud-Based Mobile Device Security Streamlines Data Protection. Retrieved 2 August 2016, from https://www.webroot.com/shared/pdf/WebrootMobileSecurity.pdf

Controversies over freedom of speech and Internet postings

Introduction Within the past decade, the internet has become a source of communication and collaboration wherein people become capable of expressing views and opinions to a worldwide audience. It is a tool for free speech that has allowed the dissemination of ideas across cultures and continents, resulting in a much more informed global society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Controversies over freedom of speech and Internet postings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the reasons why it has become a famous avenue of communication and collaboration has been the general consensus by viewers and listeners alike that the mass media is invariably biased, thus necessitating a better means of learning about global and local events. However, various governments have attempted to restrict such freedom by implementing measures of control to limit the potential such a method of communication could cause in te rms of inciting riots against the government due to unpopular policies or actions. Despite online posts being an extension of the freedom speech which is an inalienable human right, it must be questioned whether the restrictions over online freedom of speech are necessary given the potentially volatile nature of its outcomes? What is the Freedom of Speech? The concept of the freedom of speech is attributed to being a fundamental human right wherein people are given the ability to exchange ideas, information or concepts without fear of censorship or interference (Deibert, 1-25). In fact, it is a First Amendment right within the U.S., which prevents the government from establishing laws that infringe upon an individual’s inherent right to free speech and peaceful petition (Anderson, 120). It must be noted though that despite the Freedom of Speech being a first Amendment right, subsequent amendments to the constitution as well as various historical acts such as the Sedition Act of 1798 and the Espionage Act of 1917 have, as a result, limited the application of the Freedom of Speech to certain boundaries (Anderson, 120). The reason behind this is rather simple, as a fundamental human right available to a human being from birth the Freedom of Speech can, and most often is, abused in order to pursue a personal or group goal. Why do governments attempt to limit online free speech? What must be understood is that online free speech is a powerful tool for change; it can instigate profound social and political changes within a nation or even society as a whole which at times is detrimental towards prospective goals set by governments. For example, the revolution that occurred in Egypt which toppled the regime of Hosni Mubarak, as well as the uprising that brought down Mohammed Morsi, were caused by the power of online speech (i.e., via online social media) inciting the masses towards revolution. In fact, the current changes happening in the Middle East today are a direct result of the ideas carried by the power of online speech from country to country resulting in revolutions which have toppled numerous incumbent government regimes (West and West, 38).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The power of online free speech has also been known to exact social change wherein the â€Å"Green Movement† has incited changes in behaviors attributed towards greater awareness regarding environmental problems, environmental stewardship and the need to advocate methods of resource conservation (Deibert, 1-25). This was accomplished via there numerous online articles and viral media campaigns. From this, it can be seen that the power of online free speech is truly profound, however, based on the example of Egypt and the Middle East, unmitigated online free speech can be a cause for concern for various governments since such methods of communication can and will result in actions which may disrupt various plans that the government has set into motion. What must be understood is that governments are stewards of their people in that their primary purpose is to ensure the continued existence of the state and the stability of society. It is due to this role that governments play that in order to ensure social stability, various laws and acts are usually implemented which inhibit individual freedoms in order to ensure continued peace and stability. This explains why individual acts created to limit the Freedom of Speech have been imposed in various cases in U.S. history as well as in the cases of other countries due to the need to limit the possible destabilizing effects that the Freedom of Speech can bring on a case to case basis. Based on the examples given, it can be said that while online free speech can help in creating a progressive society, unmitigated online free speech, on the other hand, acts as a destabiliz ing force that can incite nationwide riots. This is one of the primary reasons why governments have attempted to regulate freedom of speech online given the potential it has for inciting chaos as a result of displeasure over the policies enacted by governments (Bradner, 28). The following section will explore the various attempts governments have utilized to impose restrictions on the freedom of speech and how the citizenry of various countries do not seem to realize that one of their basic human rights is being violated as a direct result of silent acquiescence. Imposed Restrictions on Online Freedom of Speech One of the issues with the imposed restrictions over freedom of speech within the context of the internet has been the acquiescence of the general population within certain countries towards the limitation of online activities due to a distinct lack of proper informed consent. Informed consent can be defined as an individual understanding the full implications and possible fu ture consequences of an event, activity, or trial that they are about to enter into. It is usually the case that informed consent is applied as an inherent right for participants when it comes to activities or actions that may have extenuating implications after an act has been performed (Bradner, 28).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Controversies over freedom of speech and Internet postings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This applies to situations wherein an individual’s opinions, thoughts or arguments could possibly be used against them in the future or even extends to activities wherein their physical or mental state may experience a certain degree of aversion to the acts that are performed on them. For example, informed consent is usually required by hospitals before surgery or administering certain types of medication due to the possible complications that may arise. Informed consent is al so utilized in cases involving psychological treatment or experimentation wherein patients are informed of the possible implications/ramifications of the procedures that they will undergo. Through informed consent, individuals, institutions and organization in effect absolve themselves of any potential legal problems by showing that the patient/volunteer in question was fully informed of what would happen to them, the apparent risks and yet consented for the acts to be performed nonetheless (Bradner, 28). In the case of restrictions of online freedom of speech, it should be noted that there is little in the way of sufficient informed consent when restrictions are implemented. For example, in the case of â€Å"the Great Internet Wall of China† (an epithet used to describe the barriers to internet activity that occur within the country), there was no informed consent involving the limitation of the right to freedom of speech online, rather, limitations were unilaterally impleme nted by the Chinese government due to â€Å"subversive elements towards societal harmony† that they correlate with unhindered online activity. As a result, internet postings within the country’s localized intranet (i.e. referring to a networked connection that is limited to a particular area or region) are heavily regulated with information that presents the state or the government in a bad light being subject to deletion with the internet poster also being brought up on criminal charges should they be found. Similar restrictions can be seen in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the U.A.E (United Arab Emirates) and even in â€Å"westernized† societies such as Australia and Japan wherein there are imposed restrictions on the types of sites that can be accessed, a majority of which are usually deemed â€Å"socially subversive† (often related to views opposing that of the government or illegal pornography) resulting in their inaccessibility and possible prosecution of th e website owners if they are located within the country. One of the most prominent examples of imposed restrictions over online freedom of speech can be seen in the case of Wipas Raksakulthai, a 37-year-old Thai national who was arrested in the eastern Rayong province of Thailand due to Facebook post he made which insulted theAdvertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thai monarchy (West and West, 38). Further examination of this case showed that the country actually has a criminal code that specifically states that it is illegal to insult the monarchy of the country with possible jail time for such an act sometimes reaching 15 years or more. Taking this into consideration, it can be seen that restrictions on freedom of speech is not limited to actions within the physical world but extends to the virtual world as well. A similar case was noted in China’s recently implemented â€Å"anti gossip† law which specifically targets viral posting online which are meant to illicit public anger at the government or portray a specific government service in a bad light (West and West, 38). What these examples show is that the idea of the internet as an unassailable platform for the sharing of ideas and expression of thoughts is far from a reality given the numerous restrictions that are arbitrarily being imposed on it on a daily basis. Yet, when examining the limitations that have been put in place, literary sources show that there is little in the way of sufficient informed consent on the part of the general public regarding the denial of an essential fundamental human freedom. What exists in its place is an arbitrary imposition of government will to prevent people from making their displeasure at the government’s activities known which could result in mass action resulting in the destabilization of the state (West and West, 38). While it may be true that it is the government’s responsibility to ensure the continued survival of the state, the fact remains that such an activity should not be done through a violation of fundamental human rights, yet, such violations are continuously being enacted on a daily basis on the online activities of their citizens whereby the views they express online are being limited to what the government deems as â€Å"acceptable†. However, one must question why limitations are being implemented on the freedom of speech online when the news media would generally express such views in the first place given their position as the â€Å"4th Estate† whose responsibility is to act as a fundamental function in the checks and balances system between the government and the general public. The following section will delve into answering such a question and will showcase why online freedom of speech is increasingly being restricted given its potential as a means of subverting the will of the government. Freedom of Speech Online as a form of Unbiased News The problem with the mass media at the present is that the news that is presented is usually edited, scripted and developed based on the needs of those in power. The views that are presented are often presented in such a way that they create a greater sense of appeal towards the general public which makes it less likely that incidents of outright anger at the government would occur. Through the perspective of Heaton (2011), it can be seen that the propaganda model helps to create an explanation behind the power of mass media within the current capitalist economy of the United States (Heaton, 38-41). The propaganda model presents the notion that the content produced by mass media outlets is invariably aligned with the inherent interests of the political and economic elites in that the produced content supports the current sociological and ideological biases that this specific sector of the population espouses. Through such support, this, in turn, impacts the perception of viewers who rely on the media as a means of information regarding daily events around them (Heaton, 38-41). Based on the study of Heaton (2011), it was seen that the correlation between the propaganda model and the power of the media can be summarized on the impact of irrational exuberance as a means of influencing the behavior of a media outlet’s audience. Irrational exuberance can be defined as the means of by which an individual molds their behavior on the actions of other people. It is defined as being â€Å"irrational† since some individuals tend to take things at face value resulting in their opinion being swayed by outside media without necessarily considering the other side of the issue. One example of this can be seen in the recent case involving Trayvon Martin, an African American teen that was shot by George Zimmerman in an act of supposed self-defense. The coverage of the media involving this particular case continuously focused on the issue of race as being the prime factor behind the shooting with the media portraying Zimmerman as being racist towards African Americans (Roy, 98). What was â€Å"neglected† to be mentioned was that Zimmerman had, in fact, helped an African American family in the past and was not known to be overly racist. By placing the case of Trayvon Martin and the lack of sufficient coverage of both aspects of his life through the lens of the propaganda model, it can be seen that the issue was in part used as a means of furthering the cause of gun control advocacy. President Obama himself used the issue as a means of furthering stricter gun controls measures which at this particular point time was a â€Å"hot button† issue so to speak (Roy, 98). This shows how the mass media as it is known today has its own inherent biases in portrayal and presentation which are impacted by the powers that be (i.e. government and corporations) wherein issues are edited and presented based on what they want people to think and how irrational exuberance can set in to impact the decisions of viewers (Roy, 98). In the case of media ethos, it can be seen that they type of ethos it espouses is a type of â€Å"artifice†, meaning that is created, manufactured, made, constructed, etc. It can be considered a type of surface image which may, in fact, have an entirely fictitious relationship to what is actually true. This aspect is ex emplified by the four main aspects of the propaganda model namely: funding, ownership, sourcing and flak. In the case of media ethos, what must be understood is that the way which an idea or concept is â€Å"packaged† drastically changes the perception of the audience towards accepting the idea itself or the validity of its statements. The assertions made by Heaton (2011) regarding the impact of the 4 factors of the propaganda model, when boiled down to its very essence, says the following: â€Å"the media is controlled by outside forces who can influence what you read and in turn how you think†. It is in the way that such a concept is packaged and presented to the public that changes the perception of the people to the idea that what they receive is an edited version of the news. It is not outright explained that the news is based on the interests of currently established powers (i.e., corporations and the government), rather, the mass media presents itself as unbiase d despite what the propaganda model shows is a situation where bias is actual aspect of its operations. Based on what has been presented in this section, it can be seen that not everything that is presented by the news media is accurate. When access to information is controlled by the very source of that information, it is evident that the source would not willingly release data that would place it in a bad light. While the media has a responsibility to its readership/viewership to present the facts as they are and not as the government wants them to be portrayed as, the fact remains that the current system is not oriented towards such a practice since most media conglomerates are profit-oriented resulting in the need to develop a positive cooperative relationship with government entities in order to continue to have access to information and to even function in the first place. On the other end of the spectrum, various news blogs, message boards and social media sites have acted as the means by which people are able to present their viewpoints regarding particular situations in a way that is not edited and scripted by government news policies resulting in a presentation of the facts as they are. One clear example of this can be seen in the Pike (2011) study which examined the disparity in the views regarding the current state of the U.S. economy between ordinary citizens and the news media. While media outlets and various experts that were brought on various shows stated that the economy was thriving with the job crisis in the U.S. effectively being â€Å"resolved† to a certain degree, a separate examination was conducted involving Yahoo, Google Plus and other internet websites wherein users were polled regarding their perception of the current state of the U.S. economy (Pike, 28). Thousands of responses were sent in which showed that nearly all of the respondents did not feel the economy improving in the slightest with little in the way of sufficient job opportunities being made available (Pike, 28). When taking this into consideration, it can be seen that the presentation of the current economic situation is oftentimes misrepresented due to the potential societal fall out that would result from continuous coverage of a deteriorating economy. One way of understanding why this occurs is through the study of Geller (2012) which explains that the freedoms accorded to â€Å"netizens† (i.e., people posting online) is often free of the biases inherent in news media today. As a result, they are able to present the news from a micro-perspective (i.e., from a personal point of view) as compared to the macro-perspective often utilized by the news media (Geller, 12). While it may be true that on a macro-scale, it can be seen that there are economic improvements, what is not stated is how such improvements actually impact ordinary citizens. It is often the case that the numbers that are presented do not tell the entirety of the story . For example, Geller (2012) explains that while the information released regarding increases in the amount of hiring for 2013 shows an improved hiring situation, in truth, the jobs that were announced were primarily for part-time workers in low-level service positions and are not an accurate representation of improved job growth. However, when examining the Pike (2011) study, it was seen that the micro-scale perspective presented by the internet posters showed the current job market as it is, namely dismal and lacking in sufficient openings. This is one of the primary disparities in information presentation that exists at the present wherein through online speech the â€Å"truth of the matter† can be revealed. This is one of the reasons why freedom of speech online is currently being assailed by various governments since it allows the presentation of uncontrolled and unbiased information and views that showcases how the present economic and political situation is actually li ke. Through online freedom of speech, the capacity of governments to control what sort of information is presented to the general public is severely limited thus necessitating the various restrictions that were presented in the previous section of this paper. The following section will delve into the justification for the limitation of online free speech. It Justifying the Limitation of Online Free Speech As mentioned earlier, online free speech can either act as a great instrument for progressive social change or violent social consequences depending on its inherent application. Limitations to free speech (whether in the virtual or real-world) should thus be created in terms of their intended social consequences and be justifiable rather than a generalized limitation on certain topics (Tsering, 1). For example, the protest of the Westboro Baptist Church members at the funeral of Marine Lance Corporal Mathew Synder should have been prevented due to the intended social consequence of inciting discrimination against homosexual groups. The purpose of such a protest was obviously to continue to propagate the idea of hate and bias against the homosexual population and as such, can be considered an abuse of an inherent right. Similarly, the depiction of President Obama as a chimpanzee being shot is equally an abuse of rights since it directly connects to the various events suffered by the African American people that constitute racial prejudice and discrimination (Tsering, 1). What must be understood is that while there are various critics who state that the right to online free speech should be defended, the fact remains that its utilization as a platform for the spread of destabilizing and hateful ideas prevents it from becoming a right that does not need to be limited (Pelosi, 1). Allowing the unmitigated spread of socially damaging ideas and causes not only creates societal destabilization as seen in the various cases in the Middle East but incites different gro ups to spread hate-filled messages which do not have any positive effect on society (Pelosi, 1). The fact is the freedom of speech, in its ideal form, acts as an integral component in a check and balances system that ensures that the government acts for the benefit of the public. By ensuring that critical public issues such as war, economic rights and other societal problems are allowed to be discussed openly and without censorship, this in effect guides public opinion either for or against particular government mandates or actions. This limits the ability of the government to unilaterally act on various whims since it must always take public opinion into consideration before it accomplishes specific actions (Anderson, 120). As a result, this creates a balanced system wherein the government continues to be accountable to the people through the use of the Freedom of Speech. For example, legislation in the U.S. preventing various offshore drilling activities was actually brought about through the online â€Å"Green Movement† and mass public opinion (incited via social media) against the possible environmental damage it would cause. What must be understood though, is that certain limitations must be implemented on particular aspects of the freedom of speech since not all activities created through it can be deemed as socially beneficial (Anderson, 120). For example, while various posts online are usually based on an individual’s experiences and their points of view, a large percentage of online posts are usually hate-filled rants with insufficient justification behind the posts made. Often times such posts are meant to incite and inflame public opinion with unjustifiable claims. Reports regarding the illegitimacy of the U.S. President (i.e., the birth certificate issue), claims regarding the religion of the current U.S. president, hate-filled rants directed at government officials or at particular religious are all views that are meant to anger and inflame the general populace due to irrational exuberance, yet, such views have little in the way of sufficient justification behind their implementation (Freedman, 69-70). Due to its role as steward of societal stability, the government has the responsibility to ensure that elements which seek to destabilize society are limited in order to ensure the propagation of social harmony. For example, the case of the arrest of the Ku Klux Kan leader in the Brandenburg vs. Ohio case is a clear example of the government performing its role as a social steward by limiting actions (racial hatred) that creates strife and destabilization in society (Freedman, 69-70). It is based on cases such as this that certain justifiable limitations on the Freedom of Online Speech can be implemented so long as they are meant to prevent the spread of socially destabilizing messages of hatred, bias and anger. Conclusion Based on the facts presented it can be seen that the freedom of speech online is an essenti al concept to society since it acts as a platform of not only the free exchange of information, ideas and concepts but also as an integral part of a checks and balances system between society and the government. What must be understood, though, is that online freedom of speech can easily be abused in order to spread messages detrimental towards continued societal harmony. It is due to this that the government, acting as a steward of societal stability, needs to impose certain justifiable limitations on the utilization of the freedom of speech online in order to ensure that any action incited by free speech does not damage the current peaceful societal structure we enjoy today. Given the current state of the news media, an alternative means of spreading news and information is necessary, however, such freedoms need to be controlled through implicit consent from the general public and not through the unilateral implementation utilized by the government. Works Cited Anderson, Ross. â⠂¬Å"Free Speech Online And Offline.† Communications Of The ACM 45.6 (2002): 120.Print. Bradner, Scott. â€Å"The ‘Net: Open Field For Political Comment.† Network World 23.37 (2006): 28. Print. Deibert, Ronald J., and Rafal Rohozinski. â€Å"The Geopolitics Of Internet Control.†Ã‚  Conference Papers — International Studies Association (2007): 1-38.Print. Freedman, David H. â€Å"The Technoethics Trap As The Line Between Right And Wrong Gets Blurrier, Even The Best Intentions Have A Way Or Backfiring.† Inc 28.3 (2006): 69-70. Print. Geller, Tom. â€Å"The Future Of Free Speech Online.† Communications Of The ACM 55.9 (2012): 12.Print Heaton, Brian. â€Å"Social media vs. free speech.† Public CIO 9.4 (2011): 38-41.Print Pelosi, Nancy. â€Å"Pelosi: Allen-Bass Internet Free Speech Act Protects Bloggers And Campaign Finance Laws.† FDCH Press Releases (n.d.):1.Print Pike, George. â€Å"LEGAL ISSUES. Online Privacy Protection Gai ning Momentum.†Ã‚  Information Today 28.5 (2011): 28. Print. Roy, Prasanto K. â€Å"Social Media: The Freedom Of Speech.† PC Quest (2013): 98.  MasterFILE Complete. Web. Tsering, Lisa. â€Å"Salman Rushdie Speaks Out on Censorship. (cover story).† India — West  15 Mar. 2013: A1. MasterFILE Complete. Web. West, Dennis and Joan West. â€Å"Big Brother’s Terms And Conditions Do Apply.† Cineaste 38.4 (2013): 38. Print. This research paper on Controversies over freedom of speech and Internet postings was written and submitted by user Adrien J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Pains of Writing Essay Example

The Pains of Writing Essay Example The Pains of Writing Paper The Pains of Writing Paper The Pains of Writing It is sometimes difficult to articulate the things you want to say on paper. Lamott and Vetter are two professional writers who discuss the struggles of writing. Both writers agree that writing is a difficult process that will cause you agonizing pain. However, Lamott offers a solution to the pain whereas Vetter stays negative. Lamott and Vetter both use humor to discuss their own theories on the writing process. Vetter seems to think, â€Å"All you have to do is spend 40 to 50 hours working up an idea, a sentence that looks†¦ [like you] took 90 seconds to make† (38). Vetter humor throughout the essay is kind of a dark negative style. He seems to joke about people and how they never will be able to write. Lamott claims that, â€Å"While writing my mind being left to its own devices spends much of its time having conversations with people who aren’t there† (73). Lamott likes to joke about what the writing process does to her. Throughout the essay she has an insightful humor on the writing process. Both writers use humor throughout their explanations of the writing process. They just have a different flavor of humor and target their jokes differently. Lamott and Vetter both use their own unique vivid language when describing the difficulties of writing. Vetter explains, â€Å"While the truth is that writing is a blood sport, a walk in the garden of agony every time out† (37). Vetter vivid language shows how writing is a gruesome painful task, a process that no one will ever learn. Lamott says, â€Å"Let’s not forget the dogs, the dogs in their pen who will surely hurtle and snarl their way out if you ever stop writing, because writing is, for some of us, the latch that keeps the door of the pen closed, keeps those crazy ravenous dogs contained†(72). To Lamott the critical voices in your head are those â€Å"crazy ravenous dogs† (72). Lamott vivid language explains that there is ways to contain the fears of writing. While their vivid overall examples match Lamott uses more descriptive examples than Vetter. Lamott and Vetter theories on writing are their own personal beliefs. Vetter states that, â€Å"There isn’t one in a thousand teachers who know the first damn thing about writing† (37). He believes that anyone who has learned the wretched craft had to of taught themselves (Vetter 37). Vetter has a very negative belief on writing. He feels that no one can write or ever be taught how to write. Vetter feels that trying to teach someone how to write is a lost cause. Lamott states that, â€Å"A friend once told her the first draft is getting it down, the second draft is the fix up one, while the third draft, the dental draft god help is the healthy one† (72). To Lamott all good writers have a â€Å"shitty first draft† (70). She believes anyone can learn how to write. That it just takes working out all the problems you have while writing and finding their solutions. Two professional writers who seem to have very different prospective and beliefs on the writing process and what it entails. Lamott believe you can overcome your problems by writing a â€Å"shitty first draft† (70) While Vetter believes writing cannot be taught and doesn’t offer the beginning writer any hope. These two professional writers have some similar and different beliefs on writing. They both agree that writing is a difficult process that will cause you pain. They both have a different sense of humor and express it in their own ways. Lamott vivid language shows that she feels there is hope for the beginning writer. Unlike Vetter who uses gruesome descriptive language to show that there is no hope for the beginning writing. While Lamott thinks that there is hope Vetter remains negative. Work Cited 1. Lamott, Anne. Shitty First Drafts. Essays on Writing . Ed. Lizabeth A Bryant and Heather M Clark. New York: Longman-Pearson, 2009. 69-74. Print. 2. Vetter, Craig. â€Å"Bonehead Writing. † Essays on Writing. ED. Lizabeth A Bryant and Heather M Clark. New York: Longman-Pearson, 2009. 35-39. Print

Critically Assess and evaluate total reward packages as a contributory Essay

Critically Assess and evaluate total reward packages as a contributory factor in employee retention A case study based on Marks & Spencers(the orderno - Essay Example This research focuses on a particular case study within Marks and Spencer, a major UK superstore to understand the impact of rewards, incentives and performance appraisal on employee motivation and performance. Marks and Spencer is a leading name in retailing within the UK. The company maintains that the rewards package given to its employees is flexible, competitive, focused on superior results and is aimed to support personal choices of personal lifestyles. The elements of the reward packages of the company include fixed and competitive pay rates, variable performance related pay and a wide range of other benefits (marksandspencer.com, 2006). In this study we prepare a detailed questionnaire to understand the impact of these benefits, payment and reward systems on employees and we also determine whether these rewards actually help in improving motivation and how this would relate to improved company performance. Marks and Spencer has boasted of 73% employee retention over 2004-2005 and retention may be considered as an important indicator of employee satisfaction and motivation (MarksandSpencer.com, 2006). Questionnaires are distributed to employees of Marks and Spencer to determine whether rewards systems given to them have a positive impact on their motivation and performance levels and aid them in heir decision to work for one company for a long period of time. The participants are employees of Marks and Spencer working in customer service divisions and 100 completed questionnaires are obtained and the data compiled are analysed for employee motivation and satisfaction levels that provide an indication of the employee retention level within a company. Marks and Spencer claims a high percentage of employee retention. The questionnaires are aimed to determine employee expectations, rewards given, job satisfaction, employee motivation, years of service and performance levels. Literature Review Companies use different means of rewarding employees and Brody et al (2001) discuss merit pay plans used by companies to motivate and reward employees. The theory of motivation would highlight that rewards and reinforcement for individual accomplishments should produce positive results although there may also be negative outcomes (Brody et al, 2001). Brody et al suggest in their study that when individuals are involved in hiring and merit allocation for employees, their prior commitments have significant effects on rewards allocated to the employees. This shows that a manager's personal involvement with employees can lead to increased merit allocation and rewards. This study highlights the factors that determine merit allocation and rewards which may not be completely dependent on employee performance and also large depends on interpersonal relationships within the workplace. Rewards could be largely based on performance ratings and it would be important to understand how employees perceive these ratings of their performance. Smith and Rupp (2004) state that a major purpose of having performance appraisals of employees is to determine individual merit which in turn help in determining whether merit pay or benefits would be given to

Women driving in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Women driving in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Due to this, it should impose stringent measures to ensure that women do not drive in public and instead leave driving to men. Women should not be allowed to drive freely as men do and they should not drive cars in men’s presence as this contradicts the Islamic laws (Macfarquhar n.d). Due to this, any woman found driving in presence should be arrested since she would have violated the government laws and lack of respect of Islamic laws. On the other hand, I think women should be allowed to drive since driving is not a reserve for men (Wollstonecraft 56). Banning women from driving is a sign of an oppressive society that does not care about the welfare of other people. Additionally, with persistence discrimination and subordination of women in Saudi Arabia, women lack self –confidence and esteem. In this case, it will be difficult for Saudi Arabia to attain gender equality by the year 2015 as enshrined in the millennium development

Non Destructive Testing In The Aerospace Industry

Non Destructive Testing In The Aerospace Industry Since several years, technology has been improved tremendously and is still in a need for advancement due to the increasing growth of demands. In todays economy structures must remain for operation for such longer period than originally anticipated. The ageing effect on these structures is becoming significant. Non-destructive testing  (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage  Because NDT does not permanently alter the article being inspected, it is a highly-valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research. Common NDT methods include  ultrasonic,  magnetic-particle,  liquid-penetrant,  radiographic and  eddy-current testing. NDT is a commonly-used tool in  forensic engineering,  mechanical engineering,  electrical engineering,  civil engineering,  systems engineering,  aeronautical engi neering,  medicine, and  art.(3) The development of Non destructive testing examines the techniques to verify the conditions of these structures and these developments are focused on extending the cost of maintenance of the existing structures. History: It may be said that NDT has been used from ancient times. The audible ring of a Damascus sword blade would show the indication of the strength of the metal in combat. This technique was also used by the early blacksmiths. They used to listen to the ring of different metals being shaped. The same technique was also used by early bell makers. Visual testing had been used for many years for a wide range of applications. Heat sensing was used to monitor thermal changes in materials and sonic tests were performed years ago(1). NDT by far is a visual testings which is the oldest mankind testing, this was used for visual checking knifes. The first use of NDT was done by a English man S.H.Saxby . who used compass for finding cracks in gun pipes in 1868.With a long established history in non-destructive testing (NDT), producing its first UV meter in the late 1960s (as Levy West Laboratories), AST is the market leader with the Levy Hill MkVI meter. NDT is well known as a part of industrial procedures, but it is also of importance in examinations of a more general interest in everyday life. In the aerospace industry, NDT can make the difference between life and death. Aircraft components are inspected before they are assembled into the aircraft and then they are periodically inspected throughout their useful life. Aircraft parts are designed to be as light as possible while still performing their intended function. This generally means that components carry very high loads relative to their material strength and small flaws can cause a component to fail. Since aircraft are cycled (loaded and unloaded) as they fly, land, taxi, and pressurize the cabin, many components are prone to fatigue cracking after some length of time. Even parts that are loaded well below the level that causes them to deform can develop fatigue cracks after being cycled for a long time. Cracking can also occur due to other things like a lightning strike. Aircraft have some protection against lightning strikes but occasionally they occur and can results in cracks forming at the strike location. The historical development of NDT is outlined for each technique. The second oldest method was the Acoustics it has been used by ancient time when man started making the pottery vessels. Table1. Table below shows a list of some of the key events in the chronology of NDT. (1) Year Chronology of Early Key Events in NDT 1800 First thermography observations by Sir William Herschel 1831 First Observation of electromagnetic induction by Michael Faraday 1840 First infrared image produced by Herschels son, John 1868 First reference to magnetic particle testing reported by S.H. Saxby, by observing how magnetized gun barrels affect a compass 1879 Early use of eddy currents to detect differences in conductivity, magnetic permeability, and temperature initiated by E. Hughes 1880-1920 Oil and whiting technique, forerunner of present-day penetrant test used for railroad axles and boilerplates 1895 X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen 1898 Radium discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie. 1922 Industrial Radiography for metals developed by Dr. H.H. Lester. 1927-28 Electric current induction/ magnetic field detection system developed by Dr. Elmer Sperry and H.C. Drake for the inspection of railroad track. 1929 Magnetic particle tests/ equipment pioneered by A.V. deforest and F.B. Doane. 1930 Practical uses for gamma radiography using radiumwere demonstrated by Dr. Robert F. Mehl 1935-40 Penetrant techniques developed by Betz, Doane , and deForest 1935-40 Eddy current developments by H. C. Knerr, C. Farrow, Theo Zuschlag, and Dr. F. Foerster 1940-44 Ultrasonic test metod developed in United States by Dr. Floyd Firestone 1942 First Ultrasound flaw detector using pulse-echo introduced by D.O. Sproule 1946 First portable ultrasonic thickness measuring instrument, the Audigage, was introduced by Branson 1950 Acoustic emission introduced as an NDT method by J. Kaiser Mid 1950s First ultrasonic testing immersion B and C scan instruments developed by Donald C. Erdman From the late 1950s to present, NDT has seen many developments, innovation, and growth. The roots of non-destructive testing began to take form prior to the 1920s. In the 1920s there was an awareness of some of some of the magnetic particle tests, the visual test and also X-radiography. Prior to World War II, design engineers were content to rely on unusually high safety factors which were usually built or engineered into many products. In addition, there were a significant number of catastrophic failures and other accidents relating to product inadequacies that bought the concern for system and component quality to the forefront. (1) Background History of Individual Testings: Magnetic Particle Test: Saxby used a magnetic compass to locate the defects and in homogeneities in gun barrels in 1868. Herring in 1879 obtained a patent in United States for the defection of defects in railway lines using a compass needle. Deliberate studies were carried out by A.V. de Forest in 1928 and 1929 of the use of magnetic particles for non-destructive testing of ferromagnetic materials. In 1936, Unger and Hilpert described in a patent in Germany at where the inspection of aircraft engine parts, engines for fatigue cracks are developed rapidly and the magnetic particle testing was made mandatory. The real breakthrough for magnetic particle testing came, in 1960s these methods was further greatly developed by C.Betz. Radiography: Wilhelm.Conrad. Roentgen discovered X rays in 8 November 1895 when it was observed by him that fluorescent glow of crystals on a table near the cathode ray tube. Later the penetrating radiations were characterized systematically which are emitted by cathode ray tubes. These represent the very first radiographs taken in 1896. He conducted a test on his own hunting rifle. Radiograph of the rifle showed some defects in the material and was the start of industrial radiography. Penetrant Test: It is a simple and effective method of examining surface areas for defects, cracks and discontinuities. Rubbing of carbon black on glazed pottery is one of the early surface inspections. Later on in 1940 magnetic particle method was introduced which is more sensitive. Many of the earlier developments were carried out by Magnaflux, IL USA. In 1942 it introduced Zyglo system where the fluorescent dyes were added to the liquid penetrant. The methods were formerly called The oil and whiting method and were used by the huge locomotives in the beginning of the 20th century.(13) Ultrasonic testing: Richardson proposed Echo ranging detection of objects at sea in 1912. Later, Lavengin developed a source of ultrasonic waves by using the piezoelectric effect with quartz crystals between steel plates. Future on experiments was carried out by Boyle and by Wood by using quartz piezoelectric transducers. The most simple and quick method came up in 1940 by Firestone. The method avoided many of the problems which were associated with standing wave formation. Then in 1942 Firestone was the first to use his own method for the sonar. The two German brothers H and J. Krautkramer did a lot of research of method and contributed for the development of method. Since their time method has gone through several phases of development. Eddy Current Test: Jean-Bernard Leon Foucault is generally credited with the first clear demonstration of eddy currents, by showing that electrical currents are set up in a copper disk moving in a non uniform magnetic field. Hughes is considered to have been the pioneer in using Eddy currents to inspect the metals. Eddy currents are also known as Induced currents which can only exist in conducting materials.(13) The use of NDT methods took place during the Second World War started from the testings of submarines and airplanes. During these years the use of NDT is seen in the inspection of nuclear power plant components, pressure vessels and car parts. Aim: To investigate the use of various NDT methods in industry. Objectives: To Conduct research on NDT and its applications To identify key components of an aircraft, where likely hood of crack is high. To test the components with appropriate NDT methods. To perform penetrant test to identify the cracks in a gear. Initial Plan As the project initiates with the major task of carrying out the background reading and researching, great amount of time has to be required to collect information about project. A great deal of time has been spent on background reading. Project requires thorough knowledge on NDT in aerospace and its classification. A detailed background reading has been done to understand the concept of NDT. Background reading has also been done on different types of NDT testings and its classifications. A detailed study has been done on the history of NDT. Background Reading: Non Destructive Testing (NDT) Non-destructive testing is the process by which materials, components or assemblies can be inspected without affecting their ultimate serviceability. It offers some important advantages over destructive testing processes such as mechanical testing. A destructive test must necessarily be on a sample basis. This is acceptable in many cases: to check that a batch of material is within specification, for example, or as a sample check on a large number of identical components. But a sample destructive test may not be feasible for a small number of high value components and in critical cases a 100% inspection may be required. Because of this, one key role of NDT is in assuring the quality of many manufacturing processes. NDT can also be used to test components which have been subjected to service conditions. A welded structure can be inspected to detect fatigue cracking. NDT results can further be used to aid decisions on the need for and timing of repairs. Suitable techniques, correctly applied, can be used to measure the depth of a fatigue crack. This, coupled with knowledge of the system stresses, the toughness of the material and the fatigue crack growth rate, can be used to determine if a cracked component can be left in service until the next planned overhaul period. These twin roles of NDT ensure that the technology will continue to play a fundamental role in materials testing.  Aircrafts are designed to withstand a certain amount of damage from cracking and corrosion without cause for concern, and NDT inspectors are trained to find the damage before it becomes a major problem.  The rigorous process used to design aircraft either allows for a certain amount of damage to occur before a part fails, or in many cases, a part can fail completely and performance of the aircraft will not be affected. The job of the NDT inspector is to find the damage while it is within acceptable limits.(5) Role of NDT Non destructive testing can be taken place at any transportation industry. The main aim is to consider the over view of all the terms of NDT and its applications and also to consider research on the optical methods. This is considered to be one of the important terms in the project. Another term is to do research on the optical methods which are implemented on the aircraft parts. (12) Types of methods: The number of NDT methods that can be used to inspect components and make whether the measurements are large and continues to grow. Researchers continue to find new ways of applying physics and other scientific disciplines to develop better NDT methods. However, there are six NDT methods that are used most often. These methods are visual inspection, penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, electromagnetic or eddy current testing, radiography, and ultrasonic testing. These methods and a few others are briefly described below. (12) Visual and Optical Testing (VT)   Visual inspection involves using an inspectors eyes to look for defects. The inspector may also use special tools such as magnifying glasses, mirrors, or bore scopes to gain access and more closely inspect the subject area. Visual examiners follow procedures that range from simple to very complex. The principle behind Visual testing is the use of reflected or transmitted light from test object that is imagined with the human eye or other light-sensing device. VT finds its application in many industries ranging from raw materials to finished products and in-service inspection. VT can be inexpensive and simple with minimal training required. It has broad scope of uses and benefits. However VT can only evaluate surface conditions. Also effective source of illumination is required. (1) Penetrant Testing (PT) Test objects are coated with visible or fluorescent dye solution. Excess dye is then removed from the surface, and a developer is applied. The developer acts as blotter, drawing trapped penetrant out of imperfections open to the surface. With visible dyes, vivid colour contrasts between the penetrant and developer make bleed out easy to see. With fluorescent dyes, ultraviolet light is used to make the bleed out fluoresce brightly, thus allowing imperfections to be readily seen. (6) Figure1: Figure illustrating a simple Penetrant testing (8) The principle behind PT is that a liquid containing visible or fluorescent dye is applied to the surface and the fluid enters the discontinuities by capillary action. PT finds its application in virtually any solid non-absorbent material having uncoated surfaces that are not contaminated. PT is relatively easy and materials are inexpensive. It is extremely sensitive and very versatile. Also minimal training is required. Discontinuities can only be found on the surface. The surface condition must be relatively smooth and free of contaminants. (1) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)HYPERLINK http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/cc_mpi_index.htm   This NDE method is accomplished by inducing a magnetic field in a ferromagnetic material and then dusting the surface with iron particles (either dry or suspended in liquid). Surface and near-surface imperfections distort the magnetic field and concentrate iron particles near imperfections, previewing a visual indication of the flaw. (6) Figure2. Figure illustrating the basic concept of Magnetic Particle Testing (9) The principle behind MT is that the test particle is magnetized and fine ferromagnetic particles are applied to the surface, hence aligning at discontinuity. MT finds its application in all ferromagnetic materials, for surface and subsurface discontinuities. It can be used in large and small parts. MT is relatively easy to use. Equipment and material is usually inexpensive. MT is highly sensitive and fast compared to PT. However in MT only surface and a few subsurface discontinuities can be detected. The test can be only done on ferromagnetic materials. (1) Electromagnetic Testing (ET) or Eddy Current Testing Electrical currents are generated in a conductive material by an induced alternating magnetic field. The electrical currents are called eddy currents because they flow in circles at and just below the surface of the material. Interruptions in the flow of eddy currents, caused by imperfections, dimensional changes, or changes in the materials conductive and permeability properties, can be detected with the proper equipment. Figure3: Figure illustrating Eddy Current Testing (10) The principle behind ET is that localised electric fields are induced into a conductive test specimen by electromagnetic induction. ET finds its application in virtually all conductive materials. All conductive materials can be examined for flaws, metallurgical conditions, thinning and conductivity. ET is quick, versatile, and sensitive. It can be no contacting. Also it can be easily adaptable to automation. However variables must be understood and controlled. (1) Radiography (RT)HYPERLINK http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/cc_rad_index.htm   Radiography involves the use of penetrating gamma or X-radiation to examine parts and products for imperfections. An X-ray generator or radioactive isotope is used as a source of radiation. Radiation is directed through a part and onto film or other imaging media. The resulting shadowgraph shows the dimensional features of the part. Possible imperfections are indicated as density changes on the film. Figure4: Figure illustrating the basic principle of Radiographic Testing (11) The principle behind RT is that a radiographic film is exposed when radiation passes through the test object. RT finds its application in most material, shapes and structures. RT is the most widely used and accepted volumetric examination. RT can used only on limited thickness based on material density. Also there is a possible threat of radiation hazard.(1) Ultrasonic Testing (UT)HYPERLINK http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/cc_ut_index.htm   It uses transmission of high-frequency sound waves into a material to detect imperfections or to locate changes in material properties. The most commonly used ultrasonic testing technique is pulse echo, wherein sound is introduced into a test object and reflections (echoes) are returned to a receiver from internal imperfections or from the parts geometrical surfaces. Figure5: Figure illustrating the basic concept of Ultrasonic Testing (11) The principle behind UT is that high frequency sound pulses from a transducer propagate through the test material, reflecting at interfaces. Most materials can be examined if sound transmission and surface finish are good and shape is not complex. UT provides precise, high-sensitivity results quickly. Thickness information, depth, and type of flaw can be obtained from one side of the component. (1) Work to date As suggested by the project plan, the entire duration of the project is distributed variably as required by different tasks commencing from the basic research and reading. According to the project plan the research was done on few NDT techniques and some of the techniques are still under research, along with types of methods and its techniques. Necessary Future Work A more detailed and precise study of non destructive testings in aero industry is to be done. Project requires identifying various testings in Aerospace industry. A detailed study should be done on techniques and testings of NDT in Aerospace industry. A precise study of industrial applications and research should be done on optical methods. Key components of an aircraft should be identified and finally components may be tested by appropriate NDT methods. The main project work to be done is perform a Dye Penetrant Testing to identify cracks on gear. Dye penetrant inspection  (DPI), also called  liquid penetrant inspection  (LPI) or  penetrant testing(PT), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials. The main steps in Liquid Penetrant Inspection which are intended to be performed on the gear may be: Pre-cleaning: The test surface is to be cleaned to remove any dirt, paint, oil, grease or any loose scale that could keep the penetrant out of a defect. Application of Penetrant: The penetrant is to be then applied to the surface of the item which is to be tested.   Excess Penetrant Removal: The excess penetrant is to be then removed from the surface. Application of Developer: After excess penetrant has been removed a white developer is to be applied. Inspection: The inspection is to be done using visible light with adequate intensity for visible dye penetrant. Post Cleaning: The test surface is then to be cleaned after inspection and recording of defects. Summary It is clear that NDT has advantage from other inspection techniques as it does not make any changes to the article. It is a highly-valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research. NDT is very useful in order to detect cracks in materials of magnitude in micrometers. (2) Its aerospace application includes detection of cracks caused due to corrosion, fatigue and their synergistic interactions. Crank shafts, frames, flywheels, crane hooks, shaft, steam turbine blades and fasteners are some of the components which are more vulnerable to fatigue so regular inspection is necessary via NDT method. Typical components which are inspected using NDT method by manufacture in order to maintain quality are turbine rotor disc and blades, aircraft wheels, castings, forged components and welded assemblies. One of the NDT methods is Eddy current technique which can be used to check tube, bar and wire and also this method is automatic and highly sophisticated.(3) It can be said that NDT method has to be carried out in order for the aircraft to operate safely during service time and avoid any accidental damage due to fatigue and corrosion.(2) In this report, a detailed explanation of NDT testings and techniques are explained. The uses of NDT in different industrial applications are explained and a precise study on optical methods is done. According to the project plan, next task would be to conduct research on NDT applications. List of Tables Table1: Table showing a list of some of the key events in the chronology of NDT List of figures Figure1: Figure illustrating a simple Penetrant testing Figure2. Figure illustrating the basic concept of Magnetic Particle Testing Figure3: Figure illustrating Eddy Current Testing Figure4: Figure illustrating the basic principle of Radiographic Testing Figure5: Figure illustrating the basic concept of Ultrasonic Testing

Start Up of New Fast Food Chain in India

Group 3 Member Debashish Das Pallavi Talwar Hari Das Gupta Pramod Balakrishnan Ans Since the maiden business venture would be the first business venture of the group, we would prefer to keep the funding internal. The business venture we would start is Indian Street food restaurant â€Å" Pao Khao† Executive Summary Pao Khao is a locally owned fast food outlet that will be positioned as an international franchise through our creative approach to the company's image and detail presentation. Pao Khao will provide a combination of excellent food at value pricing, with fun packaging and atmosphere. Pao Khao is the answer to an increasing demand for snack-type & Ethnic Indian food. In today's highly competitive environment, it is becoming increasingly difficult to differentiate one fast food outlet from another. Delhi NCR , has population of more than 2 million. Our main priority is to establish starting in Gurgaon , preferably close to one of prominent shopping malls in MG road. Later, our effort will be a further development of more retail outlets in the surrounding area. This plan is prepared to obtain a location for the initial launch of this concept. Additional financing will need to be secured for the two subsequent outlets, anticipated in month 13 and early in year three. The financing, in addition to the capital contributions from shareholders, will allow Pao Khao to successfully open and expand through year two. The initial capital investment will allow Pao Khao to provide its customers with a value-driven, entertaining experience through the creativity of its founders. Pao Khao will entice youngsters as well as working couple (DINK) to bring their friends and family with our innovative environment, fresh Indian Snack /Ethnic food . 1 Objectives †¢To establish a presence as a successful local fast food outlets and gain a market share in Delhi NCR Fastest growing fast food industry. †¢To make Pao Khao a destination spot for mall-goers, leisure & pleasure seekers 1. 2 Mission Our main goal is to be one of the most successful fast food outlets in Gurgaon, starting with one retail outlet located inside a major shopping mall as a â€Å"market tester. † Pao Khao will strive to be a premier local fast food brand in the local marketplace. We want our customers to have the total experience when visiting our outlet(s) and website as they will learn about this fascinating new â€Å"pop culture. † We will sell merchandise from pre-packaged chutney and t-shirts, to innovative combinations such as Idli Dhokla, all with our official brand attached to them. Our main focus will be serving high-quality food at a great value. 1. 3 Keys to Success To succeed in this business we must: †¢Create a unique, innovative, entertaining menu that will differentiate us from the rest of the competition. Control costs at all times, in all areas and implement a conservative approach to growth policy. Although, we provide more than enough fund to open more than one outlet, we want to be on the safe side of the business. †¢Sell the products that are of the highest quality, as well as keeping the customers happy with all of our product categories from food to store merchandising. †¢Provide 100% satisfaction to our customers and maintaining the level of excellent services among other competitors. Encourage the two most important values in fast food business: brand and image, as these two ingredients are a couple of main drivers in marketing communications. †¢Get access to high-traffic shopping malls near the target market. †¢Promote good values of company culture and business philosophy. 2. 1 Company Ownership Pao Khao is a privately held company. It will be registered as a Limited company, with ownership 25% – Hari Das Gupta, 25% – Pallavi, 25% – Pramod, 25% – Debashish 2. 2 Start-up Summary The retail outlet will be rented at one of the target location shopping malls. Our preference is Space A, for the main reason of reaching larger traffic. Startup requirements will be financed through owner investments. (all values in INR) a 2. 3 Company Locations and Facilities Pao Khao locations will range in size from 70~100 meter square and will seat from 15 – 25 guests. Our first location will be on the larger end of this range. The location will feature its own originality in merchandise display and other brand building attributes. We will equip the outlet with modern furniture and aim for cleanliness and an open feeling. We are currently looking at several possible sites in shopping malls along MG Road. The space selection will be chosen based upon the following criteria: †¢Community size: minimum of 10,00,000 people within a radius of 5 kilometers. †¢Office Areas and Tourist destination. †¢Easy access. †¢Large percentage of upwardly mobile upper middle class in the community. All of these qualities are consistent with Pao Khao goal of providing a top quality fast food experience. We want â€Å"word-of-mouth† to be our best form of marketing, where our customers value our brand as something exciting and cannot wait to tell their friends and neighbors. Pao Khao will directly compete with several fast food joints inside the chosen shopping mall, including Mac Donald, Pizza Hut and other but create niche for its ethnic Indian Flavour. Products We want to focus only on selling Indian Food. Alcoholic drinks will not be sold in our outlet, as Pao Khao promotes a healthy and positive Indian lifestyle. 3. 1 Product Description Pao Khao primarily ethnic Indian Street/Snack food †¢Chole Bature †¢Dahi Bhalla †¢Indian Thaali †¢Executive Thali †¢Rajmaa chawal or noodles.. (fusion) †¢Pao Bhaji †¢Dhokla etc 3. Competitive Comparison Pao Khao has several advantages over its leading competitors: †¢Unique â€Å"fusion† concept of Indian Food. †¢We expect a high degree of enthusiasm and offer a fun store with friendly staff, that reflects the company's youthful and energetic culture. †¢Supporting merchandise items that support the company's brand building. †¢Our innovative packaging will be more entertaining than our competitors †¢Direct relation with farmers to procure fresh vegetable and grains at lower prices. Core essential for successful business strategy would be 1. Indentifying appropriate and correct place for the first restaurant. 2. Quality of service and food , cleanliness 3. Commitment to customer and creating the right ambience 4. Chefs are key USP and need to have competency to develop this and also keep in mind attrition due to competition. 5. Marketing – Without proper marketing, howsoever a good idea can fail , hence marketing strategy is paramount importance Marketing has to be both ATL and BTL†¦Since we are promoting amidst fierce competition, we need to have aggressive marketing strategy which creates buzz in